A testimony to El-Nahhas' strength of character was his  success in stitching together a government in only two days. The royal decree announcing the new cabinet was issued on Saturday 17 March 1928 amidst great fanfare as expressed in the flood of congratulatory letters and telegrams that poured into Bayt al-'Ummah

 In 1928 the Egyptian parliament proposes the creation of of the Royal Egyptian Army Air Force (REAAF). 

POLITICAL TURMOIL: By February the government, under pressure, reverted to direct elections which were held in May. Again the Wafd secured a majority of the seats (I65); but Sa`d  Zaghluwl was unwilling to take on the premiership as this would have brought him immediately in direct confrontation with the difficult problem of British policy in Egypt. Instead, he agreed to a coalition government with the Liberals headed by their leader Adli Yakan which was formed in June. Parliament was convened and Sa`d was again elected Speaker of the House. 

In its first session this Parliament abrogated all legislation passed when the House was not in session since December 1924; decided to deposit all local and provincial government funds in the new Bank Misr to boost local, native enterprise; passed a General Amnesty Bill for political crimes committed during the period December I924-April I926. 

The second session of this Parliament reconvened in November I926 and was occupied with the control of cotton cultivation, loans to cotton growers, and co-operative law projects. While discussing industrialization plans in April 1927, Adli resigned. 

A new crisis involving British interests cropped up only weeks after Sarwat's Government took office over the financing and control of the Egyptian Army. Deputies recommended that the British Sirdar of the Army be replaced with an Egyptian, and to discontinue the membership of the British Inspector-General on the Army Council. 

GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY: The British reaction on 29 May 1927 was swift and arrogant, backed up by the dispatch of a British fleet detachment to Alexandria. Egypt was forced to extend the British Inspector-General's service for another five years, and agreed to enter into new negotiations with Britain.

 When Saad Zaghlul could not accept all the demands in the ultimatum, the British Army occupied the Alexandria Customs House. Saad Zaghlul Pasha resigned on 23 November and Ahmad Ziwar Pasha, first President of the Senate, formed a new government which acceded unconditionally to the British ultimatum. 

A stronger Law of Associations was decreed in October to which all opposition political parties objected. The dissolved Wafdist Parliament met privately in the Continental Hotel to protest all these measures and to press the Government to reinstate constitutional life. Popular feeling was further aroused when the Ziwar Government gave in to the Italian territorial claims over the Jaghbub oasis on the LibyanEgyptian frontier. This was a centre of Sanusi activities and thus carried Islamic overtones. 

On the positive side the Cabinet allocated the amount of three millions pounds for the “JABAL AL -'AWLIYA’A” dam project and two millions for the “NAG-HAMADI” dam. 

Following Yakan's resignation the British protectorate authorities found themselves stymied in their efforts to form a new government. They had invited `Abd al-Khaliq Tharwat to form a new cabinet, but their second deportation of Sa`d Zaghluwl made it virtually impossible for Tharwat to accept unless the British met a number of conditions. As tensions mounted between the Foreign Office and Allenby, who was more conciliatory towards moderate nationalist demands, Allenby was summoned to London to discuss possible solutions to the challenge posed by Egypt. 

Our second tale is from Iraq, where dark forces have invaded the country and occupied it for the last 4 years.  A defiant Saddam Husayn is put on trial. All along, he challenged the legality of the proceedings, which he said were brought about by  the "invasion forces". In the predawn hours of Saturday 30 December, 2006, Saddam Husayn  receives the grim news of his impending execution scheduled for the start of `iyd al-Adha. 
 

Wilson’s presidency makes a compelling case that Woodrow Wilson was America’s worst president and an unmitigated disaster for Egypt and  the world."

Actually, there was never a time when our government was not involved in the attempt to dedicate itself to the subversion of our judiciary system.  The following episode relates events that took place between January 1950 and the summer of 1951.  At that time, `Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuwriy Pasha, President of the State Council, and Muhammad Mahmuwd `Azmiy Bey the Attorney General were a cause celeb as they tried to thwart the onslaught of the ruling Wafd party against the Judicial. 

The classical circumstances for a social upheaval had therefore been created in Egypt by the war. The sudden wealth and success of a minority had raised the expectations of the rest and sharpened their discontent.

Sa`d Zaghluwl, was now to succeed Mustafa Kamil as the arch-enemy of the British occupation.

EGYPT'S INDUSTRIAL PLAN: REASONS OF FAILURE AND PROSPECTS OF SUCCESS BY DR. IBRAHIM ABDEL MOTALEB. (PART EIGHT).HUSNIY MUBARAK. IN ARABIC

The Protectorate which was imposed by England upon Egypt and which was to last until 1922 was one of the most shameful pages of the history of Modern Egypt.  The Sultan was nothing but a puppet that did not even had a say in the choice of his Prime Minister. Great Britain, as the protector power, canceled the position of Egyptian Foreign Affairs position claiming that it was its duty to run the foreign policy of the country.

The setting is thousands of years ago, at the end of  summer.  The last of the flocks of ducks and geese have just left southern Europe.  After a short pause to feed and to rest for one or more days on the Island of Crete, their crossing resumes toward Egypt. It is said these birds migrate because their parents migrated, and their parents migrated because their parents migrated, and on and on back across the ages. 

This essay is about the untold odyssey of these intrepid waterfowls and their amazing journey to Egypt as witnessed through our history in a physical, as well as a linguistic sense. 

Learn why Egyptians pass on their old traditions in many ways the same as these amazing birds. 

APPENDIX XIII : THE STRUGGLE OF MUHAMMAD FARIYD IN EXILE BY HISTORIAN `ABD AL-RAHMAN AL-RAF`IY (ARABIC)

747-656 BC: 25TH DYNASTY The Kushites (inhabitants of Nubia and modern Sudan), steeped in Egyptian culture after centuries of domination and acculturation, finally conquered Egypt under Pi (ankh) y . These southern pharaohs (especially Taharqo) restored Egypt to its former unity and strength. Taharqo was finally defeated by the Assyrians in 664-3 BC. 

The effect of  his policy was to drastically curb the national newspapers, foremost was the closure Al-`alam newspaper,  the mouthpiece of the National Party, led by Muhammad Fariyd Bey. 

The period also witnessed the creation of Cairo University, an attempt at reforming Al-Azhar University and the establishment of the “Nizarat al-Awqaf” (Ministry of Religious Affairs).

This important episode is supplemented with original Arabic sources by eminent Egyptian historians such as `Abd al-Rahman al- Rafi`iy and Dr. Yunan Labiyb Rizq. 

"In the 16th century, the countries of western Europe and, later, the American colonies had embarked on what historians have called "the great western transformation". They created an entirely different kind of civilization, which was without precedent in the history of the world. The distinguishing mark of any modern society is that instead of being based economically upon a surplus of agricultural produce, it is based upon technology and the constant reinvestment of capital. "  "this great western transformation" was due to practices other than the alleged "Democratization" outlined by Armstrong.  The plain and simple fact is that it had to has to do with Colonialism, without which it would not have been possible.

His son Ameen Haddad recalls in his article his childhood and  adult life, including some of his most memorable poems which delighted the millions of his generation. 

Salah Jaheen,  the celebrated poet and cartoonist, once said that Fuw'ad was his first inspiration as he considered himself his avid student.